1 00:00:09,260 --> 00:00:06,860 hello and welcome to this NASA google+ 2 00:00:12,140 --> 00:00:09,270 hangout for the agency's James Webb 3 00:00:14,209 --> 00:00:12,150 Space Telescope I'm JD Harrington public 4 00:00:15,740 --> 00:00:14,219 affairs officer for NASA's astrophysics 5 00:00:17,810 --> 00:00:15,750 division and the science Mission 6 00:00:20,660 --> 00:00:17,820 Directorate NASA headquarters in 7 00:00:22,970 --> 00:00:20,670 Washington DC we have five panelists 8 00:00:25,280 --> 00:00:22,980 joining us today actually they're 9 00:00:27,680 --> 00:00:25,290 engineers scientists the net folks that 10 00:00:30,140 --> 00:00:27,690 will discuss the program status how the 11 00:00:32,600 --> 00:00:30,150 tennis court size spacecraft will work 12 00:00:34,790 --> 00:00:32,610 explain its science objectives and for 13 00:00:37,430 --> 00:00:34,800 lunch and basically just highlight how 14 00:00:39,099 --> 00:00:37,440 will impact the world just like its 15 00:00:41,989 --> 00:00:39,109 predecessor the Hubble Space Telescope 16 00:00:44,239 --> 00:00:41,999 you can also ask question right here on 17 00:00:47,569 --> 00:00:44,249 google plus and via twitter using 18 00:00:50,840 --> 00:00:47,579 hashtag cast nasa let's introduce the 19 00:00:53,180 --> 00:00:50,850 panelists we have first Jeff Yoder the 20 00:00:57,529 --> 00:00:53,190 program director at nasa headquarters in 21 00:01:00,410 --> 00:00:57,539 washington DC actually have eric smith 22 00:01:02,959 --> 00:01:00,420 deputy program director and also program 23 00:01:07,460 --> 00:01:02,969 scientist also at nasa headquarters here 24 00:01:09,290 --> 00:01:07,470 in DC John Mather the JWST project 25 00:01:13,460 --> 00:01:09,300 scientist at NASA Goddard Space Flight 26 00:01:16,010 --> 00:01:13,470 Center at greenbelt maryland amber stron 27 00:01:17,750 --> 00:01:16,020 the estradas an astrophysicist and 28 00:01:20,240 --> 00:01:17,760 deputy project scientist for 29 00:01:22,460 --> 00:01:20,250 communications and outreach at NASA 30 00:01:26,000 --> 00:01:22,470 Goddard Space Flight Center that's also 31 00:01:28,370 --> 00:01:26,010 a green belt and we also have Jon Aaron 32 00:01:30,680 --> 00:01:28,380 Burr chief engineer at my butt at 33 00:01:33,860 --> 00:01:30,690 Northrop Grumman aerospace systems in 34 00:01:36,920 --> 00:01:33,870 redondo beach california and with that 35 00:01:38,330 --> 00:01:36,930 I'd like to start off the panelist here 36 00:01:40,670 --> 00:01:38,340 to give them a chance to discuss their 37 00:01:44,540 --> 00:01:40,680 perspectives on the web well start with 38 00:01:46,510 --> 00:01:44,550 Jeff Jeff thanks jay king i want to 39 00:03:07,810 --> 00:01:46,520 thank everybody from you're just begging 40 00:03:15,530 --> 00:03:09,800 this is a unique and interesting 41 00:03:26,810 --> 00:03:15,540 perspective of the mission engine for 42 00:03:29,780 --> 00:03:26,820 exploration efforts run challenging hey 43 00:03:44,199 --> 00:03:29,790 JW's teen since the replay is on trying 44 00:03:48,770 --> 00:03:44,209 technically schedule reserve and from a 45 00:04:02,090 --> 00:03:48,780 perspective every minute in 2011 we have 46 00:04:24,460 --> 00:04:02,100 13 months of Canaan to me meet our 47 00:04:24,470 --> 00:04:35,439 dr. out 48 00:04:41,600 --> 00:04:39,260 yes hi I wanted to describe for you the 49 00:04:44,300 --> 00:04:41,610 main scientific motivations for this new 50 00:04:46,100 --> 00:04:44,310 telescope when we built the Hubble Space 51 00:04:49,070 --> 00:04:46,110 Telescope and we got it up and working 52 00:04:50,960 --> 00:04:49,080 and then repaired it we found that there 53 00:04:54,379 --> 00:04:50,970 were some pretty spectacular surprises 54 00:04:55,969 --> 00:04:54,389 in the universe number one galaxies were 55 00:04:57,980 --> 00:04:55,979 not formed at all like people had 56 00:05:00,770 --> 00:04:57,990 predicted in fact we found that they 57 00:05:04,370 --> 00:05:00,780 were found far earlier in time farther 58 00:05:06,290 --> 00:05:04,380 away from us has so far away in time and 59 00:05:08,899 --> 00:05:06,300 space that we wouldn't be able to see 60 00:05:11,300 --> 00:05:08,909 them in their formation process even 61 00:05:13,640 --> 00:05:11,310 with the great Hubble telescope because 62 00:05:15,800 --> 00:05:13,650 they're so far away so faint and they're 63 00:05:17,749 --> 00:05:15,810 in wavelengths are so far shifted into 64 00:05:19,219 --> 00:05:17,759 the intra read that we could see right 65 00:05:22,339 --> 00:05:19,229 away that we would need a new telescope 66 00:05:25,129 --> 00:05:22,349 of a different kind to be able to extend 67 00:05:27,050 --> 00:05:25,139 the Hubble discoveries then as time went 68 00:05:29,270 --> 00:05:27,060 along we also discovered a few of more 69 00:05:31,580 --> 00:05:29,280 amazing things we discovered that 70 00:05:33,950 --> 00:05:31,590 there's cosmic dark energy and cosmic 71 00:05:38,170 --> 00:05:33,960 dark matter in great abundance out there 72 00:05:40,820 --> 00:05:38,180 and great mysteries to be resolved so 73 00:05:42,560 --> 00:05:40,830 then even after that then we discovered 74 00:05:44,570 --> 00:05:42,570 that there are actually thousands of 75 00:05:46,760 --> 00:05:44,580 planets around other stars that could be 76 00:05:49,459 --> 00:05:46,770 studied by something called the transit 77 00:05:52,700 --> 00:05:49,469 technique and a few have even had images 78 00:05:54,110 --> 00:05:52,710 taken by the Hubble telescope so that we 79 00:05:56,719 --> 00:05:54,120 know that they're out there and they're 80 00:05:58,909 --> 00:05:56,729 worthy of great effort to study them 81 00:06:02,570 --> 00:05:58,919 because some of them are even a little 82 00:06:04,070 --> 00:06:02,580 bit like Earth so we have four major 83 00:06:05,930 --> 00:06:04,080 scientific areas that we think 84 00:06:08,480 --> 00:06:05,940 scientists will pursue with the new 85 00:06:11,870 --> 00:06:08,490 telescope one is what is the first thing 86 00:06:13,850 --> 00:06:11,880 that happened after the after the early 87 00:06:15,680 --> 00:06:13,860 universe what were the first things that 88 00:06:18,559 --> 00:06:15,690 turned on whether the first stars and 89 00:06:20,420 --> 00:06:18,569 galaxies like second question is how do 90 00:06:23,540 --> 00:06:20,430 the galaxies like the Milky Way where we 91 00:06:25,959 --> 00:06:23,550 live grow up were they formed from small 92 00:06:28,640 --> 00:06:25,969 a little things that started off 93 00:06:31,129 --> 00:06:28,650 separate and joined together or were 94 00:06:33,409 --> 00:06:31,139 they form from some primordial very 95 00:06:35,379 --> 00:06:33,419 large structure which nucleated the 96 00:06:38,589 --> 00:06:35,389 formation of a whole galaxy at once 97 00:06:41,659 --> 00:06:38,599 third question is how our stars and 98 00:06:42,590 --> 00:06:41,669 planetary systems born right here in the 99 00:06:44,810 --> 00:06:42,600 Milky Way we know 100 00:06:47,870 --> 00:06:44,820 that there are typically several stars 101 00:06:49,310 --> 00:06:47,880 born per year and we imagine that if we 102 00:06:50,930 --> 00:06:49,320 could see that happening we would learn 103 00:06:54,740 --> 00:06:50,940 something about the formation of our own 104 00:06:56,360 --> 00:06:54,750 solar system finally a a major area 105 00:06:58,580 --> 00:06:56,370 which we didn't know we could pursue in 106 00:07:00,320 --> 00:06:58,590 the beginning was how does planetary 107 00:07:04,460 --> 00:07:00,330 systems evolve with time how do they 108 00:07:07,190 --> 00:07:04,470 change because there clearly are not 109 00:07:09,400 --> 00:07:07,200 constant so here in our own solar system 110 00:07:11,960 --> 00:07:09,410 we can study the planets that we have 111 00:07:15,020 --> 00:07:11,970 even the dwarf planets that what used to 112 00:07:17,960 --> 00:07:15,030 be called Pluto is now Pluto the dwarf 113 00:07:19,760 --> 00:07:17,970 planet but it has many many cousins in 114 00:07:22,400 --> 00:07:19,770 the outer solar system that are as large 115 00:07:25,520 --> 00:07:22,410 and as interesting but haven't mostly 116 00:07:27,290 --> 00:07:25,530 been discovered so studying all of the 117 00:07:28,930 --> 00:07:27,300 residue from the formation of our own 118 00:07:32,000 --> 00:07:28,940 solar system will help us learn about 119 00:07:33,950 --> 00:07:32,010 how the earth was formed I would became 120 00:07:36,860 --> 00:07:33,960 possible for life to exist here on earth 121 00:07:39,050 --> 00:07:36,870 through the delivery of carbon and water 122 00:07:41,330 --> 00:07:39,060 so that we could have life here on the 123 00:07:43,070 --> 00:07:41,340 surface of the earth and we're extremely 124 00:07:45,170 --> 00:07:43,080 lucky now we'll be able to demonstrate 125 00:07:47,360 --> 00:07:45,180 that some of the planet's seen around 126 00:07:49,580 --> 00:07:47,370 other stars are a little bit like Earth 127 00:07:51,560 --> 00:07:49,590 possibly even we would know that they 128 00:07:54,080 --> 00:07:51,570 have a notion that which we would learn 129 00:07:56,240 --> 00:07:54,090 from discovering water vapor in their 130 00:07:58,810 --> 00:07:56,250 atmospheres so these are the four 131 00:08:02,720 --> 00:07:58,820 primary motivations that people have for 132 00:08:05,390 --> 00:08:02,730 building and using the telescope but of 133 00:08:07,760 --> 00:08:05,400 course we're very interested as well in 134 00:08:09,890 --> 00:08:07,770 the surprises that will occur for the 135 00:08:12,290 --> 00:08:09,900 Hubble Space Telescope at least half of 136 00:08:15,710 --> 00:08:12,300 its great measurements have been big 137 00:08:16,910 --> 00:08:15,720 surprises and for instance discovering 138 00:08:18,860 --> 00:08:16,920 that there's a black hole in the middle 139 00:08:20,930 --> 00:08:18,870 of almost every galaxy was a big 140 00:08:23,930 --> 00:08:20,940 surprise and it required the power of 141 00:08:26,570 --> 00:08:23,940 how to do it so this is the four areas 142 00:08:33,620 --> 00:08:26,580 that people expect to pursue and and 143 00:08:35,330 --> 00:08:33,630 many more will be tried all right now 144 00:08:40,070 --> 00:08:35,340 we're going to go to Eric Smith all 145 00:08:41,390 --> 00:08:40,080 right I thanks JD well so uh Jon Mannah 146 00:08:42,860 --> 00:08:41,400 just told you about some of the 147 00:08:45,320 --> 00:08:42,870 incredible science that we're going to 148 00:08:47,740 --> 00:08:45,330 do with this telescope but perhaps the 149 00:08:50,150 --> 00:08:47,750 most important property of any telescope 150 00:08:52,970 --> 00:08:50,160 astronomical telescope is its ability to 151 00:08:54,829 --> 00:08:52,980 collect light and in the case of web its 152 00:08:56,360 --> 00:08:54,839 infrared light that we want to be 153 00:08:58,430 --> 00:08:56,370 collecting and detect 154 00:09:01,040 --> 00:08:58,440 thing because of the redshifted light 155 00:09:03,769 --> 00:09:01,050 from the early universe and the ability 156 00:09:05,840 --> 00:09:03,779 infrared lights ability to penetrate the 157 00:09:08,329 --> 00:09:05,850 dust clouds where stars and planets are 158 00:09:09,769 --> 00:09:08,339 forming within our own galaxy so for 159 00:09:12,650 --> 00:09:09,779 those science goals that we've just 160 00:09:16,220 --> 00:09:12,660 heard about we need a mirror in space 161 00:09:18,380 --> 00:09:16,230 bigger than any mirror has ever been 162 00:09:22,100 --> 00:09:18,390 flown before in space larger than Hubble 163 00:09:24,590 --> 00:09:22,110 and in fact so large that it's bigger 164 00:09:27,920 --> 00:09:24,600 than any rocket that we would use to 165 00:09:30,140 --> 00:09:27,930 launch it into space so we have to build 166 00:09:31,910 --> 00:09:30,150 an infrared optimized telescope that's 167 00:09:34,040 --> 00:09:31,920 bigger than the rocket it fits into so 168 00:09:37,310 --> 00:09:34,050 that means we have to have a folding or 169 00:09:38,930 --> 00:09:37,320 articulated telescope another important 170 00:09:40,400 --> 00:09:38,940 point about this telescope because it's 171 00:09:43,040 --> 00:09:40,410 going to be looking in the infrared is 172 00:09:44,990 --> 00:09:43,050 that it needs to be very cold because 173 00:09:48,740 --> 00:09:45,000 it's detecting heat radiation after all 174 00:09:50,840 --> 00:09:48,750 so web the instruments the detecting 175 00:09:54,110 --> 00:09:50,850 part of web will be just 40 degrees 176 00:09:56,660 --> 00:09:54,120 above absolute zero and when you're that 177 00:09:58,820 --> 00:09:56,670 cold the material properties how things 178 00:10:01,820 --> 00:09:58,830 behave how they banned how they shake 179 00:10:04,010 --> 00:10:01,830 how they move changes completely from 180 00:10:06,079 --> 00:10:04,020 your experience so you're going to have 181 00:10:08,210 --> 00:10:06,089 to build the telescope it looks like any 182 00:10:10,940 --> 00:10:08,220 other in a way that behaves in a very 183 00:10:13,310 --> 00:10:10,950 non intuitive sense if I can have a 184 00:10:15,680 --> 00:10:13,320 graphic up on the screen here to show 185 00:10:19,010 --> 00:10:15,690 you what the design of web looks like 186 00:10:21,380 --> 00:10:19,020 maybe this will help to explain why it's 187 00:10:22,640 --> 00:10:21,390 so different from any other telescope 188 00:10:24,230 --> 00:10:22,650 now most people when you think of a 189 00:10:26,210 --> 00:10:24,240 telescope you think of it too right 190 00:10:29,329 --> 00:10:26,220 astronomers looking through a tube in 191 00:10:32,810 --> 00:10:29,339 some fashion and on the graphic you can 192 00:10:34,579 --> 00:10:32,820 see two of the tube type telescopes that 193 00:10:35,960 --> 00:10:34,589 people might be familiar with the Hubble 194 00:10:38,150 --> 00:10:35,970 Space Telescope which folks have heard 195 00:10:39,920 --> 00:10:38,160 of and the Spitzer Space Telescope which 196 00:10:42,320 --> 00:10:39,930 is maybe not quite as household a name 197 00:10:45,980 --> 00:10:42,330 but it's an infrared telescope that NASA 198 00:10:47,990 --> 00:10:45,990 is using today in many ways web is the 199 00:10:50,449 --> 00:10:48,000 offspring of these two telescopes it 200 00:10:53,329 --> 00:10:50,459 will have this much larger mirror that 201 00:10:55,460 --> 00:10:53,339 you see up there on the right-hand part 202 00:10:57,620 --> 00:10:55,470 of the picture looking off to the right 203 00:11:00,530 --> 00:10:57,630 and light will come in from the right 204 00:11:02,390 --> 00:11:00,540 hit that primary mirror bounced off a 205 00:11:05,030 --> 00:11:02,400 little secondary mirror sticking out on 206 00:11:06,890 --> 00:11:05,040 the tower or back through the cone into 207 00:11:08,900 --> 00:11:06,900 the science instruments behind and 208 00:11:11,750 --> 00:11:08,910 that's where all the detection 209 00:11:14,210 --> 00:11:11,760 of a light comes and then it is sent 210 00:11:16,280 --> 00:11:14,220 down to astronomers here on earth where 211 00:11:18,770 --> 00:11:16,290 they will begin the exciting task of 212 00:11:21,260 --> 00:11:18,780 unraveling with these signals mean and i 213 00:11:25,310 --> 00:11:21,270 think but will do next is turn it over 214 00:11:26,390 --> 00:11:25,320 to Amber strong and she can tell us a 215 00:11:27,920 --> 00:11:26,400 little bit about what they're going to 216 00:11:32,690 --> 00:11:27,930 be doing with those data when they come 217 00:11:35,630 --> 00:11:32,700 down sure hi so I am an astrophysicist 218 00:11:37,640 --> 00:11:35,640 here at NASA my job is to study star 219 00:11:40,130 --> 00:11:37,650 formation in distant galaxies usually 220 00:11:43,040 --> 00:11:40,140 mainly the Hubble Space Telescope and so 221 00:11:45,470 --> 00:11:43,050 in a really real sense this telescope is 222 00:11:47,450 --> 00:11:45,480 the future of astronomy will be able to 223 00:11:49,340 --> 00:11:47,460 use this telescope to answer these big 224 00:11:52,190 --> 00:11:49,350 sign it's questions that how we'll just 225 00:11:54,170 --> 00:11:52,200 can't quite answer so in that sense I am 226 00:11:55,850 --> 00:11:54,180 a future user of this observatory I'm 227 00:11:57,530 --> 00:11:55,860 really exciting about the great things 228 00:11:59,600 --> 00:11:57,540 we're going to learn which dr. Mathers 229 00:12:02,780 --> 00:11:59,610 already talked about some and then my 230 00:12:04,340 --> 00:12:02,790 other job kind of on the project is I do 231 00:12:06,860 --> 00:12:04,350 communications and outreach for the 232 00:12:09,470 --> 00:12:06,870 program so part of my job is to to get 233 00:12:11,090 --> 00:12:09,480 the the news about the telescope out to 234 00:12:13,400 --> 00:12:11,100 the public and to get people excited 235 00:12:15,980 --> 00:12:13,410 about the this awesome telescope the 236 00:12:18,410 --> 00:12:15,990 rebuilding and that's really am that's a 237 00:12:20,540 --> 00:12:18,420 fun part of my job it's easy to do but 238 00:12:22,880 --> 00:12:20,550 because this telescope is really easy to 239 00:12:24,830 --> 00:12:22,890 get excited about this is Hubble two 240 00:12:27,440 --> 00:12:24,840 point oh we're building this telescope 241 00:12:28,850 --> 00:12:27,450 again to answer those big questions in 242 00:12:31,250 --> 00:12:28,860 astronomy this will be the biggest 243 00:12:32,870 --> 00:12:31,260 telescope ever put into space and we're 244 00:12:35,150 --> 00:12:32,880 building it to answer the biggest 245 00:12:37,190 --> 00:12:35,160 science questions of our day in the 246 00:12:43,840 --> 00:12:37,200 terms of astronomy the lots of exciting 247 00:12:45,800 --> 00:12:43,850 things that we have planned um again the 248 00:12:48,320 --> 00:12:45,810 inspiration I think that were able to 249 00:12:52,490 --> 00:12:48,330 gain from big bold missions like this is 250 00:12:54,080 --> 00:12:52,500 a huge part of what NASA dies and we're 251 00:12:55,220 --> 00:12:54,090 just really excited about about all the 252 00:12:57,680 --> 00:12:55,230 things that we have planned for this 253 00:13:00,320 --> 00:12:57,690 telescope both ended the scientific 254 00:13:02,030 --> 00:13:00,330 sense about what will learn and also the 255 00:13:04,550 --> 00:13:02,040 engineering behind this telescope is 256 00:13:06,410 --> 00:13:04,560 incredible so I believe we'll pass it on 257 00:13:07,790 --> 00:13:06,420 now and and hear a little bit more about 258 00:13:19,710 --> 00:13:07,800 the engineering and some of the people 259 00:13:28,000 --> 00:13:23,050 hi JD thank you very much I hope 260 00:13:29,829 --> 00:13:28,010 everybody can hear me up I'm John 261 00:13:33,130 --> 00:13:29,839 ehrenberg I'm the chief engineer for 262 00:13:35,949 --> 00:13:33,140 Northrop Grumman and I'm happy to be 263 00:13:40,060 --> 00:13:35,959 here today sharing great program with 264 00:13:42,960 --> 00:13:40,070 you it's a true challenge the 265 00:13:46,199 --> 00:13:42,970 engineering job of a lifetime to build 266 00:13:49,180 --> 00:13:46,209 jwst we've had many years of steady 267 00:13:51,750 --> 00:13:49,190 technical progress we've recently 268 00:13:55,960 --> 00:13:51,760 completed all the optics for the flight 269 00:14:00,910 --> 00:13:55,970 optical system the primary can I be 270 00:14:03,069 --> 00:14:00,920 heard primary secondary and tertiary 271 00:14:05,949 --> 00:14:03,079 mirrors are all finished and are in the 272 00:14:08,980 --> 00:14:05,959 process of being delivered the structure 273 00:14:12,850 --> 00:14:08,990 it's going to old the mirrors up is 274 00:14:14,380 --> 00:14:12,860 nearing completion the wings that hold 275 00:14:18,579 --> 00:14:14,390 the deployable sections of the mirror 276 00:14:20,250 --> 00:14:18,589 are complete and being tested and the 277 00:14:22,930 --> 00:14:20,260 spacecraft has actually be done 278 00:14:26,170 --> 00:14:22,940 fabrication so we've had a lot of 279 00:14:27,699 --> 00:14:26,180 progress as jeff has said we as 280 00:14:30,910 --> 00:14:27,709 engineers are looking forward to 281 00:14:35,230 --> 00:14:30,920 building this great observatory for the 282 00:14:39,939 --> 00:14:35,240 astronomers Don amber Eric and the world 283 00:14:47,199 --> 00:14:39,949 at large so I look forward to your 284 00:14:50,550 --> 00:14:47,209 questions all right thank you once again 285 00:14:53,170 --> 00:14:50,560 it's against it like a question that we 286 00:14:57,130 --> 00:14:53,180 finished fingers why should we shoot as 287 00:15:00,880 --> 00:14:57,140 well or you can leave a message a fav 288 00:15:04,030 --> 00:15:00,890 ayer keroh going to twitter our first 289 00:15:06,699 --> 00:15:04,040 question comes from a group here what're 290 00:15:10,150 --> 00:15:06,709 you over the web we decode the mystery 291 00:15:17,530 --> 00:15:10,160 game the birth of our galaxy ops and I 292 00:15:20,500 --> 00:15:17,540 guess I prefer John matter well how did 293 00:15:23,139 --> 00:15:20,510 our galaxy form we have a theory we have 294 00:15:25,870 --> 00:15:23,149 a story which we get from computer 295 00:15:28,180 --> 00:15:25,880 simulations we have mapped the early 296 00:15:31,150 --> 00:15:28,190 universe with the cosmic microwave back 297 00:15:33,610 --> 00:15:31,160 radiation radiation we saw that it has 298 00:15:37,720 --> 00:15:33,620 hot and cold spots in it and we predict 299 00:15:39,970 --> 00:15:37,730 that gravitation acting on those regions 300 00:15:41,380 --> 00:15:39,980 will be able to pull material back from 301 00:15:44,560 --> 00:15:41,390 the expansion and cause it to collapse 302 00:15:46,480 --> 00:15:44,570 back down into objects so prediction is 303 00:15:49,240 --> 00:15:46,490 that the objects that form first will be 304 00:15:51,280 --> 00:15:49,250 small and that they will be continually 305 00:15:54,430 --> 00:15:51,290 colliding with each other and merging 306 00:15:56,590 --> 00:15:54,440 together to make a larger galaxy so if 307 00:15:58,390 --> 00:15:56,600 this story is correct then our Milky Way 308 00:16:00,160 --> 00:15:58,400 was made of thousands or tens of 309 00:16:02,890 --> 00:16:00,170 thousands of small objects that came 310 00:16:05,620 --> 00:16:02,900 together through the force of gravity so 311 00:16:07,000 --> 00:16:05,630 how would we know if this is true we 312 00:16:09,160 --> 00:16:07,010 can't just believe a computer simulation 313 00:16:13,480 --> 00:16:09,170 have to go look and see with the 314 00:16:14,830 --> 00:16:13,490 telescope as far back as we can so we 315 00:16:16,570 --> 00:16:14,840 take pictures of the most distant 316 00:16:18,760 --> 00:16:16,580 universe and we have already discovered 317 00:16:20,740 --> 00:16:18,770 that the early galaxies the ones that 318 00:16:23,230 --> 00:16:20,750 are that we see very far away because 319 00:16:25,810 --> 00:16:23,240 we're looking back at time as we look 320 00:16:29,080 --> 00:16:25,820 for our way those galaxies are small and 321 00:16:31,150 --> 00:16:29,090 irregular in shape but they formed much 322 00:16:34,300 --> 00:16:31,160 earlier than people had expected a few 323 00:16:36,550 --> 00:16:34,310 decades ago so our job now is to observe 324 00:16:39,700 --> 00:16:36,560 them as close to the earliest moments of 325 00:16:41,710 --> 00:16:39,710 universe as we can that takes this giant 326 00:16:43,870 --> 00:16:41,720 intra read telescope because these 327 00:16:49,150 --> 00:16:43,880 objects are small and they're going away 328 00:16:51,640 --> 00:16:49,160 from us very rapidly alright thanks John 329 00:16:56,950 --> 00:16:51,650 we have a question here I guess would go 330 00:16:58,560 --> 00:16:56,960 toward to Eric Smith once we launch jwst 331 00:17:00,640 --> 00:16:58,570 how long do we expect it to actually 332 00:17:11,250 --> 00:17:00,650 live or how long we'll be able to pull 333 00:17:17,800 --> 00:17:15,970 thanks JD the mission has what's called 334 00:17:19,329 --> 00:17:17,810 a five year design life time so that 335 00:17:22,590 --> 00:17:19,339 sort of dictates the type of quality 336 00:17:25,120 --> 00:17:22,600 parts you want to use but we we have a 337 00:17:27,429 --> 00:17:25,130 fuel tank on board which we use to do 338 00:17:29,740 --> 00:17:27,439 station keeping that will be sized for 339 00:17:31,900 --> 00:17:29,750 about 10 years of life so the mission 340 00:17:33,970 --> 00:17:31,910 will last sometime between five and ten 341 00:17:38,480 --> 00:17:33,980 years once it reaches its orbit and 342 00:17:40,760 --> 00:17:38,490 begins operating okay 343 00:17:42,470 --> 00:17:40,770 next question is I'm going to throw this 344 00:17:44,960 --> 00:17:42,480 to you amber I'm not sure if you'll know 345 00:17:47,270 --> 00:17:44,970 it might need to go to John out in 346 00:17:50,930 --> 00:17:47,280 California but what's the power source 347 00:17:55,299 --> 00:17:50,940 for jwst once we get it up in the open 348 00:17:59,570 --> 00:17:55,309 space John why don't you take this one 349 00:18:01,700 --> 00:17:59,580 the power source is solar power we have 350 00:18:04,250 --> 00:18:01,710 we're electrically powered we're very 351 00:18:07,730 --> 00:18:04,260 close to the Sun we're only a million 352 00:18:20,570 --> 00:18:07,740 miles away so conventional solar power 353 00:18:21,980 --> 00:18:20,580 will work just fine okay we're about the 354 00:18:29,240 --> 00:18:21,990 same distance from the Sun as the earth 355 00:18:30,470 --> 00:18:29,250 is ok but let's talk a little bit about 356 00:18:34,190 --> 00:18:30,480 the data that we're going to pull down 357 00:18:36,140 --> 00:18:34,200 from jwst what is the data come down at 358 00:18:39,880 --> 00:18:36,150 where is it stored and who's able to use 359 00:18:43,669 --> 00:18:39,890 it amber why don't you take that one 360 00:18:46,820 --> 00:18:43,679 well when once jdc is in space it will 361 00:18:50,930 --> 00:18:46,830 operate in a manner similar to Hubble so 362 00:18:53,990 --> 00:18:50,940 um in as far as who who gets to use the 363 00:18:55,760 --> 00:18:54,000 data every year astronomers from around 364 00:18:58,669 --> 00:18:55,770 the world get together and proposed 365 00:19:00,500 --> 00:18:58,679 their best ideas on and that's how we 366 00:19:02,840 --> 00:19:00,510 decide who gets to use Hubble and who 367 00:19:05,240 --> 00:19:02,850 gets to observe with Hubble so that same 368 00:19:06,710 --> 00:19:05,250 same method will apply for Jade reust 369 00:19:08,810 --> 00:19:06,720 that's one of the really great things 370 00:19:10,940 --> 00:19:08,820 about these big NASA telescope TSA's in 371 00:19:12,860 --> 00:19:10,950 a sense they're open source you know the 372 00:19:15,080 --> 00:19:12,870 people with the best ideas get to use 373 00:19:17,000 --> 00:19:15,090 the telescopes and then once the data is 374 00:19:19,250 --> 00:19:17,010 taken the data is public anyone in the 375 00:19:23,299 --> 00:19:19,260 world can go in and download Hubble data 376 00:19:25,760 --> 00:19:23,309 and that will be the same with jwst now 377 00:19:28,400 --> 00:19:25,770 is there a reservation time we're only 378 00:19:30,440 --> 00:19:28,410 JWT engineers or scientists can use the 379 00:19:31,910 --> 00:19:30,450 data or another way to put it is how 380 00:19:36,500 --> 00:19:31,920 long before that dad will be available 381 00:19:37,790 --> 00:19:36,510 to say foreign foreign scientists so I 382 00:19:39,950 --> 00:19:37,800 think there are different prepare 383 00:19:41,419 --> 00:19:39,960 proprietary times for different sorts of 384 00:19:46,220 --> 00:19:41,429 programs Eric might be able to answer 385 00:19:47,480 --> 00:19:46,230 that a bit better sure amber the way 386 00:19:49,730 --> 00:19:47,490 that it's going to work for web is 387 00:19:51,810 --> 00:19:49,740 similar to Hubble so there's what's 388 00:19:53,790 --> 00:19:51,820 called a period of exclusive use 389 00:19:55,890 --> 00:19:53,800 when the data come down those scientists 390 00:19:58,920 --> 00:19:55,900 who proposed the idea yet more or less 391 00:20:01,200 --> 00:19:58,930 first crack at it for about a year 392 00:20:03,510 --> 00:20:01,210 twelve month period but what many 393 00:20:05,910 --> 00:20:03,520 astronomers are doing in their proposals 394 00:20:08,400 --> 00:20:05,920 is just waving that proprietary period 395 00:20:09,750 --> 00:20:08,410 so the actual time from when it comes 396 00:20:11,640 --> 00:20:09,760 down from the telescope to when the 397 00:20:14,490 --> 00:20:11,650 public can get it varies but it's never 398 00:20:16,200 --> 00:20:14,500 more than 12 months and foreign 399 00:20:20,670 --> 00:20:16,210 scientists have the same rights as US 400 00:20:22,830 --> 00:20:20,680 scientists thanks Eric Jeff I know we 401 00:20:27,570 --> 00:20:22,840 had some initial audio problems from 402 00:20:30,000 --> 00:20:27,580 listening to you in your initial pitch 403 00:20:32,280 --> 00:20:30,010 but uh here's a question for you our 404 00:20:35,250 --> 00:20:32,290 budget constraints going to delay the 405 00:21:22,860 --> 00:20:35,260 launch of JWST you'll be launching in 406 00:21:24,300 --> 00:21:22,870 October 2018 for some reason we're still 407 00:21:27,330 --> 00:21:24,310 having some audio problems with your 408 00:21:30,120 --> 00:21:27,340 microphone there but we'll have somebody 409 00:21:32,190 --> 00:21:30,130 up to try and get that fixed Eric I 410 00:21:34,650 --> 00:21:32,200 think this is going to come to you can 411 00:21:39,150 --> 00:21:34,660 you give us a background real quick on 412 00:21:42,960 --> 00:21:39,160 how jwst JWST is going to unfold after 413 00:21:45,750 --> 00:21:42,970 it gets to the Lagrange point sure it 414 00:21:48,090 --> 00:21:45,760 actually unfolds before it gets out of 415 00:21:51,330 --> 00:21:48,100 the garage point John arenberg mentioned 416 00:21:53,520 --> 00:21:51,340 this as after we launched and as it's on 417 00:21:55,440 --> 00:21:53,530 its way out to the second Lagrange point 418 00:21:57,510 --> 00:21:55,450 which is four times farther from the 419 00:22:01,590 --> 00:21:57,520 earth and the moon is it actually does 420 00:22:04,580 --> 00:22:01,600 all its deployment of sort of when it's 421 00:22:06,590 --> 00:22:04,590 getting around the moon so 422 00:22:09,019 --> 00:22:06,600 if if you wanted a more detailed 423 00:22:10,940 --> 00:22:09,029 description of the actual deployment 424 00:22:14,419 --> 00:22:10,950 timeline I think John ehrenberg would be 425 00:22:17,659 --> 00:22:14,429 the person to address that question hey 426 00:22:20,390 --> 00:22:17,669 John to me about that sure I'd be happy 427 00:22:21,799 --> 00:22:20,400 to our first deployment occurs about two 428 00:22:24,049 --> 00:22:21,809 minutes after we separate from the 429 00:22:26,299 --> 00:22:24,059 launcher and that's the solar array that 430 00:22:28,399 --> 00:22:26,309 I was mentioning before so that we have 431 00:22:32,269 --> 00:22:28,409 power to continue and after about three 432 00:22:36,019 --> 00:22:32,279 days the large pallets that contain the 433 00:22:41,620 --> 00:22:36,029 sunshield deploy that is they move down 434 00:22:45,769 --> 00:22:41,630 to their flight composition push out the 435 00:22:48,940 --> 00:22:45,779 sides of the sunshield deploy the 436 00:22:52,460 --> 00:22:48,950 telescope but comes up on its tower up 437 00:22:54,860 --> 00:22:52,470 and then the wings and secondary deploy 438 00:22:57,889 --> 00:22:54,870 this is completed about two weeks after 439 00:23:01,460 --> 00:22:57,899 launch allowing the telescope too cool 440 00:23:04,760 --> 00:23:01,470 for approximately two months and allow 441 00:23:07,460 --> 00:23:04,770 it to be able to take data at that point 442 00:23:09,830 --> 00:23:07,470 the wavefront sensing begins in the 443 00:23:11,600 --> 00:23:09,840 final stage of the deployment or the 444 00:23:14,570 --> 00:23:11,610 alignment of the primary mirror and 445 00:23:18,200 --> 00:23:14,580 secondary mirror is undertaken giving us 446 00:23:21,950 --> 00:23:18,210 an operational telescope if people want 447 00:23:24,409 --> 00:23:21,960 to see a better animated view of all the 448 00:23:26,810 --> 00:23:24,419 details I refer you to the deployment 449 00:23:33,440 --> 00:23:26,820 video that you can find on the official 450 00:23:37,070 --> 00:23:33,450 jwst website thanks Jonathan so I think 451 00:23:40,730 --> 00:23:37,080 this next question to John matter can 452 00:23:43,639 --> 00:23:40,740 you tell us why we didn't develop the 453 00:23:47,330 --> 00:23:43,649 web for servicing like we did originally 454 00:23:48,769 --> 00:23:47,340 with Hubble yes of course that was the 455 00:23:51,769 --> 00:23:48,779 very first question our team had to 456 00:23:53,630 --> 00:23:51,779 consider because we knew that Hubble was 457 00:23:56,419 --> 00:23:53,640 a successful project because of 458 00:23:58,340 --> 00:23:56,429 servicing however we were not able to 459 00:24:01,190 --> 00:23:58,350 find a place to put the telescope that 460 00:24:03,590 --> 00:24:01,200 could enable it to be cold anywhere that 461 00:24:05,389 --> 00:24:03,600 the astronauts could reach it so the 462 00:24:06,980 --> 00:24:05,399 telescope has to be cold so that it can 463 00:24:08,750 --> 00:24:06,990 observe the injury red light that we've 464 00:24:10,940 --> 00:24:08,760 never been able to observe before and 465 00:24:13,220 --> 00:24:10,950 there's no place close to earth where we 466 00:24:15,980 --> 00:24:13,230 can go where we can arrange for that so 467 00:24:18,259 --> 00:24:15,990 the first closest place we could go was 468 00:24:20,029 --> 00:24:18,269 this place we have chosen the Thunder 469 00:24:23,509 --> 00:24:20,039 Lagrange point a million miles farther 470 00:24:25,310 --> 00:24:23,519 out the Sun than we are so a million 471 00:24:27,859 --> 00:24:25,320 miles is farther than the astronauts can 472 00:24:31,699 --> 00:24:27,869 go right today so that's why it's not 473 00:24:33,769 --> 00:24:31,709 designed for servicing if the technology 474 00:24:36,680 --> 00:24:33,779 continues to progress then robotic 475 00:24:38,329 --> 00:24:36,690 servicing will probably be available but 476 00:24:40,489 --> 00:24:38,339 we have not designed it to be able to 477 00:24:46,789 --> 00:24:40,499 use that no user serviceable parts 478 00:24:48,829 --> 00:24:46,799 inside thanks John Jonathan we're going 479 00:24:51,499 --> 00:24:48,839 to go back to you a lots been said about 480 00:24:53,930 --> 00:24:51,509 the technological innovation doing it 481 00:24:56,749 --> 00:24:53,940 well can you explain what that we even 482 00:25:00,379 --> 00:24:56,759 give us an example of that sure I'd be 483 00:25:01,549 --> 00:25:00,389 happy to in fact my first job on JWST 484 00:25:04,279 --> 00:25:01,559 was developing one of those new 485 00:25:06,409 --> 00:25:04,289 technologies back prior to the 486 00:25:08,930 --> 00:25:06,419 preliminary design review when we had to 487 00:25:11,509 --> 00:25:08,940 be confirmed as a mission there were ten 488 00:25:15,440 --> 00:25:11,519 identified technologies that needed to 489 00:25:18,349 --> 00:25:15,450 be proven to outside experts to be ready 490 00:25:22,879 --> 00:25:18,359 to enable us to build the web a one of 491 00:25:26,329 --> 00:25:22,889 those backplane and I was the test 492 00:25:31,339 --> 00:25:26,339 conductor that brand the test we took a 493 00:25:34,039 --> 00:25:31,349 sixth section 6 of the backplane and put 494 00:25:37,609 --> 00:25:34,049 it into a test chamber and showed but it 495 00:25:40,849 --> 00:25:37,619 would perform deforming only a few 496 00:25:43,369 --> 00:25:40,859 nanometers per Kelvin and meeting our 497 00:25:46,609 --> 00:25:43,379 requirements so we did a number of 498 00:25:49,489 --> 00:25:46,619 technology developments areas and the 499 00:25:51,829 --> 00:25:49,499 detector electronics materials to build 500 00:25:55,909 --> 00:25:51,839 the telescope the mirrors themselves on 501 00:25:57,579 --> 00:25:55,919 that was completed about 2007 so a 502 00:26:00,799 --> 00:25:57,589 number of technologies were developed 503 00:26:02,299 --> 00:26:00,809 unlike previous missions there was a 504 00:26:07,419 --> 00:26:02,309 large investment in this program up 505 00:26:11,269 --> 00:26:07,429 front thanks Jonathan next question is 506 00:26:13,639 --> 00:26:11,279 once the web is in orbit propulsion 507 00:26:16,669 --> 00:26:13,649 systems will use it will be used to 508 00:26:18,859 --> 00:26:16,679 maneuver to maneuver the spacecraft to 509 00:26:22,089 --> 00:26:18,869 actually look at objects in space Eric 510 00:26:26,690 --> 00:26:22,099 we're going to send this one to you okay 511 00:26:28,009 --> 00:26:26,700 when the web is a on orbit out at l2 it 512 00:26:30,919 --> 00:26:28,019 doesn't actually sit there it orbits the 513 00:26:32,000 --> 00:26:30,929 point it will use reaction wheels and 514 00:26:33,890 --> 00:26:32,010 gyroscopes just 515 00:26:37,340 --> 00:26:33,900 like the Hubble Space Telescope does to 516 00:26:38,930 --> 00:26:37,350 control its pointing and over time it 517 00:26:40,400 --> 00:26:38,940 will use that fuel that I mentioned 518 00:26:42,530 --> 00:26:40,410 earlier to do what's called 519 00:26:45,110 --> 00:26:42,540 station-keeping to keep it in this orbit 520 00:26:47,350 --> 00:26:45,120 around l2 but it will have these 521 00:26:50,960 --> 00:26:47,360 spinning flywheels you can think of a 522 00:26:53,780 --> 00:26:50,970 think of them that way six of those and 523 00:26:56,840 --> 00:26:53,790 as you move and change their rates of 524 00:26:58,700 --> 00:26:56,850 speed the telescope up you know reacts 525 00:27:00,710 --> 00:26:58,710 opposite to that the equal and opposite 526 00:27:03,560 --> 00:27:00,720 force and so that's how you point and 527 00:27:05,600 --> 00:27:03,570 control it once the telescope is looking 528 00:27:07,340 --> 00:27:05,610 at a particular target then we use an 529 00:27:09,860 --> 00:27:07,350 instrument called a fine guidance sensor 530 00:27:14,150 --> 00:27:09,870 which was given to us by the Canadian 531 00:27:16,760 --> 00:27:14,160 Space Agency and it will lock JWST or 532 00:27:18,560 --> 00:27:16,770 web on to a particular star and then 533 00:27:21,080 --> 00:27:18,570 these reaction wheels will keep that 534 00:27:22,990 --> 00:27:21,090 star steady allowing the other science 535 00:27:27,500 --> 00:27:23,000 instruments to collect their data 536 00:27:31,040 --> 00:27:27,510 obviously this this question is going to 537 00:27:34,030 --> 00:27:31,050 be targeted toward John Mather how will 538 00:27:37,670 --> 00:27:34,040 other telescopes on earth or like on 539 00:27:39,620 --> 00:27:37,680 mukhiya mauna kea overlapped the 540 00:27:42,530 --> 00:27:39,630 capabilities of the James Webb Space 541 00:27:44,420 --> 00:27:42,540 Telescope but we've designed our 542 00:27:45,800 --> 00:27:44,430 Observatory to be complementary to 543 00:27:47,780 --> 00:27:45,810 everything that we knew that could be 544 00:27:49,640 --> 00:27:47,790 accomplished on the ground there's no 545 00:27:51,380 --> 00:27:49,650 point in putting a great effort to put a 546 00:27:53,240 --> 00:27:51,390 telescope in space if somebody could do 547 00:27:54,620 --> 00:27:53,250 it as well or better on the ground 548 00:27:58,280 --> 00:27:54,630 because it's always cheaper to do it on 549 00:28:00,170 --> 00:27:58,290 the ground if you can so our telescope 550 00:28:01,610 --> 00:28:00,180 the James Webb telescope is built to 551 00:28:04,120 --> 00:28:01,620 observe it into red wavelengths that 552 00:28:06,650 --> 00:28:04,130 really can't be seen from the ground 553 00:28:09,050 --> 00:28:06,660 because the telescope on the ground will 554 00:28:10,640 --> 00:28:09,060 glow and emit it's only a red light or 555 00:28:13,820 --> 00:28:10,650 because the atmosphere is opaque it 556 00:28:15,440 --> 00:28:13,830 stops the light from coming in so for 557 00:28:17,570 --> 00:28:15,450 both reasons we've designed our 558 00:28:19,340 --> 00:28:17,580 Observatory to do those particular 559 00:28:21,980 --> 00:28:19,350 features that are difficult from the 560 00:28:24,170 --> 00:28:21,990 ground on the other hand some things can 561 00:28:26,090 --> 00:28:24,180 be done on the ground as the great Keck 562 00:28:28,520 --> 00:28:26,100 telescope has been complimentary to the 563 00:28:30,050 --> 00:28:28,530 Hubble Space Telescope and discoveries 564 00:28:32,900 --> 00:28:30,060 with each one can be followed up with 565 00:28:36,110 --> 00:28:32,910 the other one so we expect the similar 566 00:28:38,990 --> 00:28:36,120 features to in the future as you know 567 00:28:40,520 --> 00:28:39,000 we're building hoping to build some very 568 00:28:44,390 --> 00:28:40,530 very much larger telescopes on the 569 00:28:45,470 --> 00:28:44,400 ground maybe 20 30 40 meters in size 570 00:28:48,049 --> 00:28:45,480 there in 571 00:28:51,860 --> 00:28:48,059 of them are in progress already that's 572 00:28:53,840 --> 00:28:51,870 to say 60 80 100 feet across so much 573 00:28:57,980 --> 00:28:53,850 larger than the James Webb telescope 574 00:28:59,750 --> 00:28:57,990 even so as those telescopes are built 575 00:29:01,580 --> 00:28:59,760 and come online we certainly expect them 576 00:29:02,630 --> 00:29:01,590 to be used to follow up the discoveries 577 00:29:06,890 --> 00:29:02,640 that are made with the James Webb 578 00:29:08,090 --> 00:29:06,900 telescope alright thanks John amber 579 00:29:11,240 --> 00:29:08,100 we're going to send this question to you 580 00:29:14,350 --> 00:29:11,250 will there be any real-time image 581 00:29:18,560 --> 00:29:14,360 website capabilities with the James Webb 582 00:29:21,140 --> 00:29:18,570 12 top any real-time imaging 583 00:29:25,659 --> 00:29:21,150 capabilities well again the way we will 584 00:29:28,039 --> 00:29:25,669 use this telescope will be by selecting 585 00:29:31,190 --> 00:29:28,049 proposals that were written in event in 586 00:29:34,610 --> 00:29:31,200 advance to look at the most the most 587 00:29:37,370 --> 00:29:34,620 cool things in the universe so um there 588 00:29:39,409 --> 00:29:37,380 it really will be by a detailed process 589 00:29:41,659 --> 00:29:39,419 in order to pick out the right things to 590 00:29:43,400 --> 00:29:41,669 observe with this telescope so in terms 591 00:29:46,520 --> 00:29:43,410 of real time there won't be quite as 592 00:29:48,530 --> 00:29:46,530 much of that but as soon as these on big 593 00:29:50,930 --> 00:29:48,540 discoveries are made with web which we 594 00:29:53,360 --> 00:29:50,940 know will happen we will have a similar 595 00:29:55,730 --> 00:29:53,370 process of press releases and it will be 596 00:29:58,190 --> 00:29:55,740 active on social media so all of these 597 00:30:00,530 --> 00:29:58,200 things as soon as those results start to 598 00:30:04,990 --> 00:30:00,540 come out then we will we will definitely 599 00:30:07,220 --> 00:30:05,000 get them out to the public thanks amber 600 00:30:11,960 --> 00:30:07,230 one of the questions we have I'm going 601 00:30:13,940 --> 00:30:11,970 to send this to eric is how big are the 602 00:30:15,950 --> 00:30:13,950 mirrors going to be on the James Webb 603 00:30:17,960 --> 00:30:15,960 Space Telescope I know that they're 604 00:30:20,390 --> 00:30:17,970 going to be pretty large and the 605 00:30:22,789 --> 00:30:20,400 tolerances to be able to fold them and 606 00:30:24,230 --> 00:30:22,799 get them into the end of the rocket 607 00:30:27,710 --> 00:30:24,240 that's going to launch it into space is 608 00:30:30,970 --> 00:30:27,720 really really tight can you can give us 609 00:30:32,930 --> 00:30:30,980 a brief description of that sure the 610 00:30:35,630 --> 00:30:32,940 diameter if you will of course it's a 611 00:30:39,710 --> 00:30:35,640 two hexagon but the the diameter of the 612 00:30:42,530 --> 00:30:39,720 primary mirror is 21 and a half feet six 613 00:30:45,470 --> 00:30:42,540 and a half meters a Hubble is 2.4 meters 614 00:30:48,919 --> 00:30:45,480 just for a sense of comparison it's made 615 00:30:51,620 --> 00:30:48,929 up of 18 hexagonal segments each of 616 00:30:56,390 --> 00:30:51,630 those segments themselves are just a 617 00:30:58,610 --> 00:30:56,400 little under two meters in size and of 618 00:30:59,389 --> 00:30:58,620 course you want your mirror to be a nice 619 00:31:01,999 --> 00:30:59,399 and 620 00:31:04,219 --> 00:31:02,009 smooth across across its surface to give 621 00:31:08,089 --> 00:31:04,229 you those good sharp images and if you 622 00:31:09,499 --> 00:31:08,099 were to take the telescope mirror for 623 00:31:11,479 --> 00:31:09,509 James Webb Space Telescope make it as 624 00:31:13,219 --> 00:31:11,489 big as the United States so sort of you 625 00:31:16,399 --> 00:31:13,229 know imagine the mirror that large and 626 00:31:19,219 --> 00:31:16,409 the biggest ripples you would have in 627 00:31:20,719 --> 00:31:19,229 that sort of the mountains in the the 628 00:31:23,629 --> 00:31:20,729 country made up of the James Webb Space 629 00:31:26,029 --> 00:31:23,639 Telescope primary mirror would be less 630 00:31:28,549 --> 00:31:26,039 than three inches tall so that gives you 631 00:31:31,159 --> 00:31:28,559 some indication of how flat the the 632 00:31:36,829 --> 00:31:31,169 mirrors are and it's like I say 21 and a 633 00:31:38,779 --> 00:31:36,839 half feet across thanks Eric Jonathan 634 00:31:41,539 --> 00:31:38,789 can you tell us a little bit going back 635 00:31:43,849 --> 00:31:41,549 to these tolerances that when you're 636 00:31:48,680 --> 00:31:43,859 talking about stuff and tolerances to 637 00:31:51,079 --> 00:31:48,690 get a get the a capella scopes into 638 00:31:52,729 --> 00:31:51,089 Veronica well won't you have friends 639 00:31:55,450 --> 00:31:52,739 with vibration renew your code is 640 00:31:58,639 --> 00:31:55,460 actually a tantric awful watch manager 641 00:32:00,229 --> 00:31:58,649 let's see what vibration is a normal 642 00:32:03,159 --> 00:32:00,239 problem we have to deal with in 643 00:32:07,999 --> 00:32:03,169 designing satellites all of the mirrors 644 00:32:11,799 --> 00:32:08,009 are restrained for launch so called sin 645 00:32:14,119 --> 00:32:11,809 in a snubbed position I alluded to 646 00:32:16,820 --> 00:32:14,129 technology development one of the early 647 00:32:18,739 --> 00:32:16,830 technology developments that was related 648 00:32:23,149 --> 00:32:18,749 to the mirrors was proving that our 649 00:32:25,190 --> 00:32:23,159 mirror design would sustain survive just 650 00:32:27,859 --> 00:32:25,200 such large vibrations so we took a 651 00:32:30,889 --> 00:32:27,869 mirror blank or early in the in the 652 00:32:33,320 --> 00:32:30,899 program and subjected it to launch 653 00:32:36,200 --> 00:32:33,330 vibrations and prove that it maintained 654 00:32:39,259 --> 00:32:36,210 its shape so yes that is a serious 655 00:32:41,389 --> 00:32:39,269 concern it was addressed very early and 656 00:32:44,839 --> 00:32:41,399 that risk was retired about five years 657 00:32:46,909 --> 00:32:44,849 ago and as you can see if I could catch 658 00:32:49,909 --> 00:32:46,919 something I've seen and I think it may 659 00:32:51,799 --> 00:32:49,919 be visible on the Jedi VST website there 660 00:32:53,810 --> 00:32:51,809 might be some little videos of one of 661 00:32:55,369 --> 00:32:53,820 those mirror segments undergoing that 662 00:32:56,599 --> 00:32:55,379 violent shaking and I can tell you as an 663 00:32:58,909 --> 00:32:56,609 astronomer it's absolutely frightening 664 00:33:04,310 --> 00:32:58,919 to see that thing shake like that but 665 00:33:07,310 --> 00:33:04,320 it's gratifying to see it survive thanks 666 00:33:08,719 --> 00:33:07,320 Eric let's go to the next question here 667 00:33:10,190 --> 00:33:08,729 and once again if you'd like to ask a 668 00:33:12,770 --> 00:33:10,200 question you can do so right here on 669 00:33:16,790 --> 00:33:12,780 google+ or you can send 670 00:33:24,430 --> 00:33:16,800 question via Twitter to the hashtag ask 671 00:33:26,990 --> 00:33:24,440 NASA well the question is how will jwst 672 00:33:29,570 --> 00:33:27,000 observations help to better understand 673 00:33:32,240 --> 00:33:29,580 black holes John Mather we're going to 674 00:33:34,250 --> 00:33:32,250 go to you with this one okay well James 675 00:33:37,070 --> 00:33:34,260 Webb telescope will be observing the 676 00:33:39,590 --> 00:33:37,080 history of by hole formation by 677 00:33:43,610 --> 00:33:39,600 observing early galaxies to see where 678 00:33:44,930 --> 00:33:43,620 the black hole is a curve first so the 679 00:33:48,340 --> 00:33:44,940 way of course that we observed like 680 00:33:51,200 --> 00:33:48,350 holes is is by watching things fall in a 681 00:33:54,170 --> 00:33:51,210 black hole by definition is something 682 00:33:56,300 --> 00:33:54,180 where nothing can come out so what it 683 00:33:59,270 --> 00:33:56,310 does is it has extremely strong gravity 684 00:34:02,180 --> 00:33:59,280 and if a piece of material a gaseous 685 00:34:04,040 --> 00:34:02,190 cloud or a star or a planet were to fall 686 00:34:05,570 --> 00:34:04,050 in it would be compressed to a very high 687 00:34:07,640 --> 00:34:05,580 density and raised to a very high 688 00:34:09,950 --> 00:34:07,650 temperature and capable of transmitting 689 00:34:13,310 --> 00:34:09,960 very large amounts of power either 690 00:34:16,820 --> 00:34:13,320 x-rays or radio or it's red so that we 691 00:34:18,830 --> 00:34:16,830 can see them so that's our job is to see 692 00:34:20,840 --> 00:34:18,840 the history of that happening the big 693 00:34:23,889 --> 00:34:20,850 question for astronomers is which came 694 00:34:26,960 --> 00:34:23,899 first the the Galaxy or the black hole 695 00:34:28,610 --> 00:34:26,970 now that we see them today all the 696 00:34:30,649 --> 00:34:28,620 galaxies have at least one big black 697 00:34:33,260 --> 00:34:30,659 hole in the middle but we don't think 698 00:34:34,850 --> 00:34:33,270 the black holes started out big they 699 00:34:38,480 --> 00:34:34,860 probably started out small and then 700 00:34:40,580 --> 00:34:38,490 somehow grew by absorbing material so 701 00:34:43,010 --> 00:34:40,590 this is something to to be learned by 702 00:34:45,169 --> 00:34:43,020 observing we've got many stories from 703 00:34:47,090 --> 00:34:45,179 theoretical calculations but very 704 00:34:51,980 --> 00:34:47,100 difficult to explain the actual history 705 00:34:54,669 --> 00:34:51,990 that we've seen thanks John right now I 706 00:34:57,170 --> 00:34:54,679 think I hope we've got a jeff's 707 00:35:01,190 --> 00:34:57,180 microphone situation fixed but this 708 00:35:04,100 --> 00:35:01,200 question goes out to you a Jeff why is 709 00:35:07,070 --> 00:35:04,110 it taking so long to build and launch 710 00:35:08,420 --> 00:35:07,080 the web I mean we've we've delayed it a 711 00:35:11,720 --> 00:35:08,430 couple years ago and now we're looking 712 00:35:14,180 --> 00:35:11,730 at 2018 so that's still a good four 713 00:35:21,200 --> 00:35:14,190 years away almost five years so if you 714 00:36:00,890 --> 00:35:50,630 as in operating in temperatures we've 715 00:36:07,150 --> 00:36:00,900 never operated what you call the 716 00:36:19,990 --> 00:36:07,160 technologies I need to test technologies 717 00:36:32,300 --> 00:36:30,280 exercise all right John first I mean uh 718 00:36:35,930 --> 00:36:32,310 Jeff for some reason we're not able to 719 00:36:39,980 --> 00:36:35,940 get your audio cleared so we'll keep 720 00:36:41,690 --> 00:36:39,990 trying here's a great question and I'd 721 00:36:45,260 --> 00:36:41,700 like to go back to Jonathan with this 722 00:36:48,380 --> 00:36:45,270 one if we can jonathan is jwh doing 723 00:36:54,079 --> 00:36:48,390 dangerous really change the look very 724 00:36:56,240 --> 00:36:54,089 very let's see and we're not at risk for 725 00:36:59,450 --> 00:36:56,250 being hit by space debris our orbit is 726 00:37:01,490 --> 00:36:59,460 considerably above the typical low Earth 727 00:37:04,040 --> 00:37:01,500 orbit or even the geosynchronous orbit 728 00:37:08,170 --> 00:37:04,050 where lots of debris from previous space 729 00:37:10,730 --> 00:37:08,180 flights are but they are subject to 730 00:37:14,359 --> 00:37:10,740 micro meteoroids that are part of the 731 00:37:17,599 --> 00:37:14,369 inter planetary environment and one of 732 00:37:19,670 --> 00:37:17,609 the key jobs of the engineers like 733 00:37:23,510 --> 00:37:19,680 myself and all the members of the team 734 00:37:28,550 --> 00:37:23,520 is to design a system that is capable of 735 00:37:31,070 --> 00:37:28,560 surviving in that environment so we have 736 00:37:34,999 --> 00:37:31,080 as part of again the technology 737 00:37:37,289 --> 00:37:35,009 development that we talked about earlier 738 00:37:40,650 --> 00:37:37,299 elements of the sunshield in the mirrors 739 00:37:43,140 --> 00:37:40,660 the hypervelocity impacts and included 740 00:37:45,930 --> 00:37:43,150 those degradation 'he's in the design 741 00:37:49,109 --> 00:37:45,940 that is the design is a little bit more 742 00:37:51,630 --> 00:37:49,119 robust than it would have to be in the 743 00:37:54,989 --> 00:37:51,640 absence of this micrometeorite 744 00:37:57,839 --> 00:37:54,999 environment so the answer is we will be 745 00:38:00,329 --> 00:37:57,849 struck typically these micro meteorites 746 00:38:02,880 --> 00:38:00,339 are very very small but they have a lot 747 00:38:05,670 --> 00:38:02,890 of energy and their impacts on the 748 00:38:10,079 --> 00:38:05,680 system have been calculated and included 749 00:38:12,809 --> 00:38:10,089 in the design Thank You Jonathan well 750 00:38:16,680 --> 00:38:12,819 like to ask question of amber here that 751 00:38:20,640 --> 00:38:16,690 just came in who or what was the James 752 00:38:23,039 --> 00:38:20,650 Webb actually named after so James Webb 753 00:38:25,829 --> 00:38:23,049 was the administrator of NASA the leader 754 00:38:28,739 --> 00:38:25,839 of NASA during the development of the 755 00:38:31,229 --> 00:38:28,749 Apollo program so James Webb was largely 756 00:38:33,509 --> 00:38:31,239 responsible for helping us to get humans 757 00:38:36,630 --> 00:38:33,519 to walk on the moon which is pretty 758 00:38:38,729 --> 00:38:36,640 great obviously a very worthy thing for 759 00:38:41,370 --> 00:38:38,739 a telescope to be named after but in 760 00:38:43,410 --> 00:38:41,380 addition to that James Webb was the 761 00:38:46,019 --> 00:38:43,420 first person to say that in addition to 762 00:38:48,120 --> 00:38:46,029 sending rockets to space we also need to 763 00:38:50,160 --> 00:38:48,130 be doing science so he was a very big 764 00:38:52,079 --> 00:38:50,170 advocate for science early on in the 765 00:38:54,209 --> 00:38:52,089 early days of NASA so we thought that 766 00:38:57,719 --> 00:38:54,219 would be a really good person to name 767 00:39:00,450 --> 00:38:57,729 this awesome new telescope after sounds 768 00:39:04,039 --> 00:39:00,460 good it was a good choice as well here's 769 00:39:07,170 --> 00:39:04,049 a programming question for Eric Smith 770 00:39:10,380 --> 00:39:07,180 unfortunately we can't get hold of jeff 771 00:39:12,809 --> 00:39:10,390 right now but it takes so long for these 772 00:39:15,479 --> 00:39:12,819 telescopes to go through design and 773 00:39:17,160 --> 00:39:15,489 development and we've been involved with 774 00:39:21,150 --> 00:39:17,170 this one now for quite a number of years 775 00:39:25,109 --> 00:39:21,160 is jwst successor I'm the drawing board 776 00:39:27,839 --> 00:39:25,119 right now yes in fact the astronomical 777 00:39:29,519 --> 00:39:27,849 community is always thinking not only 778 00:39:31,319 --> 00:39:29,529 about the telescope's they have today 779 00:39:34,349 --> 00:39:31,329 but the telescopes they want to have in 780 00:39:37,109 --> 00:39:34,359 the future and they go through a process 781 00:39:39,299 --> 00:39:37,119 every ten years where they decide as a 782 00:39:45,209 --> 00:39:39,309 community how do we want to prioritize 783 00:39:47,610 --> 00:39:45,219 what to do next for our field and jwst 784 00:39:48,960 --> 00:39:47,620 was one of those top choices 785 00:39:51,300 --> 00:39:48,970 in one of those surveys and its 786 00:39:53,490 --> 00:39:51,310 continuing on and in the most recently 787 00:39:55,950 --> 00:39:53,500 concluded survey in 2010 they've already 788 00:39:58,770 --> 00:39:55,960 picked the type of mission they want to 789 00:40:00,480 --> 00:39:58,780 do next to follow after the Webb 790 00:40:02,820 --> 00:40:00,490 telescope and this would be a telescope 791 00:40:06,510 --> 00:40:02,830 that focuses on the the mystery of dark 792 00:40:08,760 --> 00:40:06,520 energy and so while web is looking at 793 00:40:12,000 --> 00:40:08,770 you know particular problems with early 794 00:40:13,800 --> 00:40:12,010 galaxies and exoplanets the mission that 795 00:40:16,410 --> 00:40:13,810 folks are thinking about coming down the 796 00:40:19,380 --> 00:40:16,420 line would be one that is focused on a 797 00:40:21,450 --> 00:40:19,390 dark energy as an exoplanets and surveys 798 00:40:26,850 --> 00:40:21,460 so yep we're always thinking about what 799 00:40:28,500 --> 00:40:26,860 comes next so good every thnx here's a 800 00:40:30,780 --> 00:40:28,510 question probably Eric you need to take 801 00:40:35,760 --> 00:40:30,790 as well are there any military 802 00:40:38,520 --> 00:40:35,770 applications for jwst the JWST is 803 00:40:42,300 --> 00:40:38,530 designed to look out into the cosmos 804 00:40:44,070 --> 00:40:42,310 look for very faint signals so this is 805 00:40:46,320 --> 00:40:44,080 not the type of telescope that would 806 00:40:48,300 --> 00:40:46,330 really see any useful military 807 00:40:49,860 --> 00:40:48,310 application unless of course we were 808 00:40:54,170 --> 00:40:49,870 able to detect Klingons or Romulans 809 00:40:59,430 --> 00:40:54,180 approaching solar system thanks Eric 810 00:41:01,500 --> 00:40:59,440 John Mather can you tell us about the 811 00:41:04,380 --> 00:41:01,510 goal of observing how planetary systems 812 00:41:07,430 --> 00:41:04,390 change over time what kind of changes 813 00:41:10,230 --> 00:41:07,440 are you expecting to observe with jwst 814 00:41:12,660 --> 00:41:10,240 okay well most planetary systems don't 815 00:41:15,630 --> 00:41:12,670 change very rapidly except that the 816 00:41:18,120 --> 00:41:15,640 planets go around the center so however 817 00:41:19,860 --> 00:41:18,130 when we are able to find the young 818 00:41:22,440 --> 00:41:19,870 planetary systems in the process of 819 00:41:24,840 --> 00:41:22,450 formation we expect those changes to be 820 00:41:27,150 --> 00:41:24,850 much more rapid so for instance there's 821 00:41:29,340 --> 00:41:27,160 ones planetary system called beta 822 00:41:31,770 --> 00:41:29,350 Pictoris where it seems that comets are 823 00:41:34,590 --> 00:41:31,780 falling into the central star quite 824 00:41:37,590 --> 00:41:34,600 frequently because we see changes of the 825 00:41:39,690 --> 00:41:37,600 of the light coming from that start that 826 00:41:42,510 --> 00:41:39,700 have the traces of the heavier elements 827 00:41:45,000 --> 00:41:42,520 that would be in a comet so that's one 828 00:41:47,730 --> 00:41:45,010 where we can see the other thing that we 829 00:41:49,850 --> 00:41:47,740 can do is to look at different planetary 830 00:41:52,490 --> 00:41:49,860 systems and see how they appear 831 00:41:54,900 --> 00:41:52,500 depending on how old they are and 832 00:41:57,480 --> 00:41:54,910 depending on what kind of star they're 833 00:41:59,850 --> 00:41:57,490 orbiting around and so so far it appears 834 00:42:01,450 --> 00:41:59,860 that the solar system is not common in 835 00:42:03,490 --> 00:42:01,460 its configuration that 836 00:42:05,410 --> 00:42:03,500 most of the planetary systems we've been 837 00:42:08,290 --> 00:42:05,420 able to find are not the same as our 838 00:42:10,180 --> 00:42:08,300 solar system now partly that's because 839 00:42:13,839 --> 00:42:10,190 it's easier to find certain kinds and 840 00:42:15,550 --> 00:42:13,849 others and planetary systems with large 841 00:42:19,390 --> 00:42:15,560 planets are clearly easier to find than 842 00:42:21,099 --> 00:42:19,400 those with small planets so we study 843 00:42:23,170 --> 00:42:21,109 what we can find and try to make a 844 00:42:26,680 --> 00:42:23,180 consistent story that explains 845 00:42:28,630 --> 00:42:26,690 everything that we see ranging from our 846 00:42:32,440 --> 00:42:28,640 ideas and our observations of young 847 00:42:34,390 --> 00:42:32,450 planetary systems so planetary systems 848 00:42:37,089 --> 00:42:34,400 that still have a lot of dust in them 849 00:42:38,890 --> 00:42:37,099 left over from the first moment to very 850 00:42:41,200 --> 00:42:38,900 old planetary systems that have no dust 851 00:42:43,359 --> 00:42:41,210 left at all of course one of the reasons 852 00:42:45,310 --> 00:42:43,369 for studying these things is this way is 853 00:42:47,470 --> 00:42:45,320 to see whether there are any candidates 854 00:42:49,930 --> 00:42:47,480 for direct observations for a future 855 00:42:53,440 --> 00:42:49,940 generation of telescopes we've designed 856 00:42:55,030 --> 00:42:53,450 and thinking about planetary systems for 857 00:42:57,700 --> 00:42:55,040 a long time something called the 858 00:43:00,820 --> 00:42:57,710 terrestrial planet finder was conceived 859 00:43:02,170 --> 00:43:00,830 well over ten years ago as a number of 860 00:43:04,570 --> 00:43:02,180 different choices that can be 861 00:43:06,730 --> 00:43:04,580 implemented to observe earth-like 862 00:43:09,780 --> 00:43:06,740 planets orbiting sun-like star is quite 863 00:43:14,500 --> 00:43:09,790 directly but it's a difficult project 864 00:43:15,880 --> 00:43:14,510 alright thanks John uh Jonathan I think 865 00:43:18,730 --> 00:43:15,890 this question is going to you it seems 866 00:43:21,490 --> 00:43:18,740 to be engineering related what is the 867 00:43:25,510 --> 00:43:21,500 maximum exposure time to share today was 868 00:43:29,050 --> 00:43:25,520 creaking services target before noise we 869 00:43:34,630 --> 00:43:29,060 change a column for the detection let's 870 00:43:36,880 --> 00:43:34,640 see our length is limited by how long we 871 00:43:38,980 --> 00:43:36,890 can point at a single object we're 872 00:43:43,030 --> 00:43:38,990 capable of pointing at a simple object 873 00:43:45,400 --> 00:43:43,040 for ten days that's by design the Sun 874 00:43:48,820 --> 00:43:45,410 shield is designed to take ten degrees 875 00:43:51,339 --> 00:43:48,830 of role as we go around the Sun the the 876 00:43:53,410 --> 00:43:51,349 noise really is a limitation of the 877 00:43:55,960 --> 00:43:53,420 faintness of the target and the 878 00:43:58,630 --> 00:43:55,970 temperature of the telescope and the 879 00:44:01,390 --> 00:43:58,640 detectors and so it's really not a 880 00:44:03,460 --> 00:44:01,400 length of exposure issue it's really 881 00:44:06,339 --> 00:44:03,470 about a brightness and temperature issue 882 00:44:08,950 --> 00:44:06,349 with the system but ten days is the 883 00:44:11,410 --> 00:44:08,960 longest we can look at a single target 884 00:44:13,570 --> 00:44:11,420 without repointing but the astronomers 885 00:44:15,250 --> 00:44:13,580 are very adept at piecing together these 886 00:44:18,610 --> 00:44:15,260 exposures in making 887 00:44:21,550 --> 00:44:18,620 many multi-million second exposures so 888 00:44:24,160 --> 00:44:21,560 there really is no limit except how much 889 00:44:29,350 --> 00:44:24,170 of the telescope's lifetime they want to 890 00:44:31,290 --> 00:44:29,360 dedicate to a single target amber this 891 00:44:35,830 --> 00:44:31,300 one's coming to you can you tell us how 892 00:44:37,750 --> 00:44:35,840 NASA goes about deciding which targets 893 00:44:40,420 --> 00:44:37,760 to actually target I mean what's the 894 00:45:00,220 --> 00:44:40,430 process for developing our target list 895 00:45:06,970 --> 00:45:00,230 so to speak so are you muted ever lost 896 00:45:08,830 --> 00:45:06,980 audio here amber we're not hearing you 897 00:45:13,540 --> 00:45:08,840 never we're not hearing you are you 898 00:45:14,620 --> 00:45:13,550 muted oh well we'll come back to you 899 00:45:17,740 --> 00:45:14,630 here in just a moment we'll give you a 900 00:45:19,980 --> 00:45:17,750 chance Eric this one this question is 901 00:45:23,500 --> 00:45:19,990 going to come back to you then if we can 902 00:45:25,720 --> 00:45:23,510 what happens to JWST after the 903 00:45:27,250 --> 00:45:25,730 instruments no longer work we'll just go 904 00:45:31,720 --> 00:45:27,260 in the graveyard around the Sun so to 905 00:45:34,330 --> 00:45:31,730 speak well NASA has to have their called 906 00:45:37,180 --> 00:45:34,340 disposal plans for anything that it puts 907 00:45:39,670 --> 00:45:37,190 up there now of course because web is a 908 00:45:41,920 --> 00:45:39,680 million miles away from the earth it's 909 00:45:43,540 --> 00:45:41,930 not the same type of disposal plan that 910 00:45:44,830 --> 00:45:43,550 you have to have for a satellite that's 911 00:45:48,790 --> 00:45:44,840 a near-earth orbit and would eventually 912 00:45:52,000 --> 00:45:48,800 come back into the atmosphere so this 913 00:45:54,220 --> 00:45:52,010 will stay in a solar orbit just like the 914 00:45:56,080 --> 00:45:54,230 earth going around the Sun for hundreds 915 00:45:57,730 --> 00:45:56,090 and hundreds of years until some culture 916 00:46:00,010 --> 00:45:57,740 in the future is able to go out there 917 00:46:03,670 --> 00:46:00,020 and capture it and bring it back and put 918 00:46:05,920 --> 00:46:03,680 it in a space museum somewhere sounds 919 00:46:09,610 --> 00:46:05,930 good John Mather we're going to target 920 00:46:13,030 --> 00:46:09,620 this question to you as you know the 921 00:46:15,130 --> 00:46:13,040 kepler space telescope has been staring 922 00:46:17,590 --> 00:46:15,140 at a lot of stars and has been finding a 923 00:46:22,000 --> 00:46:17,600 lot of planet candidates i can you tell 924 00:46:25,270 --> 00:46:22,010 us how jwst wants up will determine the 925 00:46:27,070 --> 00:46:25,280 atmosphere for these different planets 926 00:46:27,920 --> 00:46:27,080 to help us determine whether there's a 927 00:46:30,800 --> 00:46:27,930 possibility of 928 00:46:33,050 --> 00:46:30,810 on them yes sure well the way that the 929 00:46:35,060 --> 00:46:33,060 Kepler mission discovers planets is to 930 00:46:37,940 --> 00:46:35,070 stare in about a hundred thousand stars 931 00:46:40,610 --> 00:46:37,950 in the constellation of Cygnus all year 932 00:46:43,610 --> 00:46:40,620 long and once in a while a planet will 933 00:46:47,030 --> 00:46:43,620 go between us and the and the star so it 934 00:46:48,470 --> 00:46:47,040 will block some starlight and the subtle 935 00:46:50,450 --> 00:46:48,480 thing is that some of the star light 936 00:46:52,640 --> 00:46:50,460 passes through the planetary atmosphere 937 00:46:55,010 --> 00:46:52,650 on its way to the telescope now the 938 00:46:56,690 --> 00:46:55,020 Kepler mission doesn't have any special 939 00:46:58,970 --> 00:46:56,700 ways to analyze that light that went 940 00:47:01,190 --> 00:46:58,980 through the atmosphere of the planet but 941 00:47:03,530 --> 00:47:01,200 the James Webb telescope does we have 942 00:47:05,660 --> 00:47:03,540 something called a spectrometer so we 943 00:47:07,700 --> 00:47:05,670 spread the light out into a rainbow and 944 00:47:10,520 --> 00:47:07,710 we're able to recognize the particular 945 00:47:13,010 --> 00:47:10,530 changes that are due to the molecules in 946 00:47:14,510 --> 00:47:13,020 the atmosphere of those planets now most 947 00:47:17,600 --> 00:47:14,520 of the planets that are discovered by 948 00:47:20,570 --> 00:47:17,610 the Kepler mission are kind of far away 949 00:47:22,430 --> 00:47:20,580 and not very bright so we're also very 950 00:47:26,810 --> 00:47:22,440 eager to see other ones that are closer 951 00:47:28,850 --> 00:47:26,820 up so you might our audience might not 952 00:47:30,500 --> 00:47:28,860 know that a net mission has been 953 00:47:34,310 --> 00:47:30,510 selected for further study called the 954 00:47:36,500 --> 00:47:34,320 test tes s and it will be looking for 955 00:47:39,410 --> 00:47:36,510 the brightest nearby stars that also 956 00:47:41,840 --> 00:47:39,420 have planets that do this transiting 957 00:47:43,640 --> 00:47:41,850 phenomenon so when we know where to look 958 00:47:45,980 --> 00:47:43,650 and when to look the James Webb 959 00:47:47,270 --> 00:47:45,990 telescope will be able to tell the 960 00:47:50,450 --> 00:47:47,280 chemical constituents of those 961 00:47:52,250 --> 00:47:50,460 atmospheres so that's the ideal case is 962 00:47:54,680 --> 00:47:52,260 to have the nearest brightest objects 963 00:47:59,180 --> 00:47:54,690 and web is designed to be able to do 964 00:48:01,130 --> 00:47:59,190 that thanks John Jonathan we're going to 965 00:48:04,580 --> 00:48:01,140 go to you here's the another engineering 966 00:48:07,610 --> 00:48:04,590 type question how do you go walk signing 967 00:48:08,690 --> 00:48:07,620 or two more mega machine you can today w 968 00:48:13,330 --> 00:48:08,700 wife's clues what are the procedures 969 00:48:16,190 --> 00:48:13,340 interesting the procedures involve 970 00:48:18,710 --> 00:48:16,200 studying the studying the giant problem 971 00:48:21,370 --> 00:48:18,720 understanding what our customers the end 972 00:48:23,270 --> 00:48:21,380 users our astronomers want and 973 00:48:26,540 --> 00:48:23,280 decomposing it into smaller problems 974 00:48:28,760 --> 00:48:26,550 that can be solved this is a a little 975 00:48:30,800 --> 00:48:28,770 bit like the answer to the problem is 976 00:48:33,560 --> 00:48:30,810 how do you eat an elephant and the 977 00:48:36,800 --> 00:48:33,570 answer is one bite at a time so we 978 00:48:38,900 --> 00:48:36,810 divide the system into components and 979 00:48:41,780 --> 00:48:38,910 elements and they go into subsystems and 980 00:48:44,990 --> 00:48:41,790 components and assemblies 981 00:48:46,640 --> 00:48:45,000 and flowing down the requirements is one 982 00:48:49,430 --> 00:48:46,650 of the chief jobs of the systems 983 00:48:52,220 --> 00:48:49,440 engineers like myself and then verifying 984 00:48:54,350 --> 00:48:52,230 that that job has been done correctly 985 00:48:56,870 --> 00:48:54,360 and that when the system comes back 986 00:48:59,480 --> 00:48:56,880 together it's going to work is basically 987 00:49:02,360 --> 00:48:59,490 what I do all day so there are a number 988 00:49:08,030 --> 00:49:02,370 of people devoted early in the program 989 00:49:11,060 --> 00:49:08,040 to decomposing the problem is solvable 990 00:49:13,130 --> 00:49:11,070 provable answers and that they're 991 00:49:16,190 --> 00:49:13,140 connected in a logical fashion to give 992 00:49:18,470 --> 00:49:16,200 us a system that works and then as we 993 00:49:21,230 --> 00:49:18,480 come back up and build it we verify it 994 00:49:23,300 --> 00:49:21,240 so we like to think of it as a V and 995 00:49:25,670 --> 00:49:23,310 we're climbing up the the upside of the 996 00:49:26,840 --> 00:49:25,680 V proving that we've built the system 997 00:49:29,270 --> 00:49:26,850 that's going to work and give the 998 00:49:34,760 --> 00:49:29,280 astronomers the performance that we all 999 00:49:36,260 --> 00:49:34,770 want to deliver thanks Jonathan one of 1000 00:49:38,560 --> 00:49:36,270 the questions we got here that just came 1001 00:49:41,450 --> 00:49:38,570 in probably going to go to Eric Smith 1002 00:49:43,580 --> 00:49:41,460 and once again recopy recapping what 1003 00:49:45,380 --> 00:49:43,590 Jeff told us at the very beginning that 1004 00:49:49,430 --> 00:49:45,390 we had some minor problems with audio 1005 00:49:52,610 --> 00:49:49,440 wise JW tia is on cost is on budget is 1006 00:49:55,190 --> 00:49:52,620 on schedule but the question is what is 1007 00:49:58,550 --> 00:49:55,200 the exact cost of the entire JWST 1008 00:50:02,360 --> 00:49:58,560 program and the question is is it really 1009 00:50:05,840 --> 00:50:02,370 worth the investment Eric okay so the 1010 00:50:08,690 --> 00:50:05,850 cost to build or develop web and launch 1011 00:50:11,450 --> 00:50:08,700 it is eight billion dollars and then 1012 00:50:14,480 --> 00:50:11,460 there will be money used to operate it 1013 00:50:18,350 --> 00:50:14,490 after that and you can look that number 1014 00:50:21,140 --> 00:50:18,360 up and it's about 8.8 billion dollars to 1015 00:50:23,090 --> 00:50:21,150 build and operate web for five years if 1016 00:50:24,500 --> 00:50:23,100 it operates longer it obviously costs 1017 00:50:26,630 --> 00:50:24,510 more to operate because you're operating 1018 00:50:30,170 --> 00:50:26,640 it longer and so then the question comes 1019 00:50:32,360 --> 00:50:30,180 to the worth of a mission like this of 1020 00:50:34,040 --> 00:50:32,370 course because I've devoted much of my 1021 00:50:37,220 --> 00:50:34,050 career to working on this I clearly 1022 00:50:40,760 --> 00:50:37,230 believe that this is worth that this is 1023 00:50:43,760 --> 00:50:40,770 pushing a humankind's knowledge of the 1024 00:50:46,100 --> 00:50:43,770 universe this is doing things making 1025 00:50:47,870 --> 00:50:46,110 ourselves better not only as a country 1026 00:50:50,930 --> 00:50:47,880 through the knowledge we gained through 1027 00:50:53,720 --> 00:50:50,940 the technology we invent to do something 1028 00:50:55,640 --> 00:50:53,730 like this so these kinds of investments 1029 00:50:57,890 --> 00:50:55,650 in things that make us back 1030 00:51:02,450 --> 00:50:57,900 as a people i think are definitely worth 1031 00:51:04,850 --> 00:51:02,460 it thanks Eric good answer we're going 1032 00:51:07,610 --> 00:51:04,860 to try to go back to Amber real quick we 1033 00:51:09,290 --> 00:51:07,620 know that the web is going to be a 1034 00:51:11,390 --> 00:51:09,300 replacement for the Hubble Space 1035 00:51:13,820 --> 00:51:11,400 Telescope but could it also be 1036 00:51:15,530 --> 00:51:13,830 considered a replacement for the Spitzer 1037 00:51:18,610 --> 00:51:15,540 Space Telescope because they have the 1038 00:51:22,010 --> 00:51:18,620 same they study the same metric or 1039 00:51:25,040 --> 00:51:22,020 electromagnetic spectrum so first of all 1040 00:51:28,610 --> 00:51:25,050 can you hear me I can hear you very good 1041 00:51:31,520 --> 00:51:28,620 okay so um well we say here at NASA that 1042 00:51:34,370 --> 00:51:31,530 that the James Webb Space Telescope is a 1043 00:51:36,140 --> 00:51:34,380 successor to both Hubble and Spitzer so 1044 00:51:37,880 --> 00:51:36,150 the fact is is that is it it's a 1045 00:51:40,460 --> 00:51:37,890 successor to Hubble in the sense that 1046 00:51:44,290 --> 00:51:40,470 you know we've learned so much about our 1047 00:51:46,460 --> 00:51:44,300 universe from Hubble Hubble's completely 1048 00:51:48,620 --> 00:51:46,470 revolutionized our understanding of the 1049 00:51:50,450 --> 00:51:48,630 universe in many key ways and we expect 1050 00:51:53,570 --> 00:51:50,460 that this big bold mission of James Webb 1051 00:51:55,250 --> 00:51:53,580 will will allow us to continue that that 1052 00:51:57,080 --> 00:51:55,260 kind of effort to really answer those 1053 00:51:58,790 --> 00:51:57,090 biggest wrong any questions so it's a 1054 00:52:00,890 --> 00:51:58,800 successor to hobble in that sense and 1055 00:52:03,560 --> 00:52:00,900 it's definitely also a successor to the 1056 00:52:06,260 --> 00:52:03,570 Spitzer Space Telescope in the sense of 1057 00:52:07,910 --> 00:52:06,270 the kind of light that will study with 1058 00:52:10,640 --> 00:52:07,920 the James Webb Space Telescope which is 1059 00:52:13,040 --> 00:52:10,650 of course infrared so in that sense it's 1060 00:52:14,960 --> 00:52:13,050 kind of jwst will be the best of both 1061 00:52:18,800 --> 00:52:14,970 worlds as far as Hubble and Spitzer is 1062 00:52:21,740 --> 00:52:18,810 concerned thanks amber John Mather this 1063 00:52:25,310 --> 00:52:21,750 question goes to you why are the mirrors 1064 00:52:28,640 --> 00:52:25,320 on web gold-plated and how thick is this 1065 00:52:31,070 --> 00:52:28,650 gold plating the mirrors are cold plated 1066 00:52:33,830 --> 00:52:31,080 because we make them out of beryllium 1067 00:52:36,500 --> 00:52:33,840 and beryllium is not as good a reflector 1068 00:52:38,240 --> 00:52:36,510 for infrared light as other things so 1069 00:52:41,570 --> 00:52:38,250 goal is the best material that we can 1070 00:52:44,150 --> 00:52:41,580 get for for covering the mirrors it's 1071 00:52:45,920 --> 00:52:44,160 ideal for two reasons one is that it's 1072 00:52:48,070 --> 00:52:45,930 the best reflector and another one is 1073 00:52:50,330 --> 00:52:48,080 that it doesn't tarnish or get old 1074 00:52:54,620 --> 00:52:50,340 sitting around here on the ground for 1075 00:52:56,840 --> 00:52:54,630 the period of time that it takes so the 1076 00:52:59,720 --> 00:52:56,850 way that we do it is to coat the memory 1077 00:53:03,020 --> 00:52:59,730 is extremely thinly with gold the amount 1078 00:53:05,630 --> 00:53:03,030 of gold that it takes is less than what 1079 00:53:07,430 --> 00:53:05,640 is in a typical person's wedding ring so 1080 00:53:08,229 --> 00:53:07,440 it's an extremely small amount of gold 1081 00:53:11,619 --> 00:53:08,239 it's very very 1082 00:53:16,629 --> 00:53:11,629 thin but it's just the right amount for 1083 00:53:20,499 --> 00:53:16,639 this purpose thanks John Jonathan 1084 00:53:22,629 --> 00:53:20,509 question for you we've already targeted 1085 00:53:25,179 --> 00:53:22,639 you have a lifespan educators to the 1086 00:53:30,429 --> 00:53:25,189 visual do you want to launch but do we 1087 00:53:32,859 --> 00:53:30,439 expect an offense to go bad unhand fuel 1088 00:53:34,959 --> 00:53:32,869 a coolant or fills you to run out before 1089 00:53:38,649 --> 00:53:34,969 here in which much how's it going to me 1090 00:53:41,169 --> 00:53:38,659 and its efficiency ah let's see the 1091 00:53:44,459 --> 00:53:41,179 entire thermal design for the 1092 00:53:46,659 --> 00:53:44,469 observatory is passive there are no 1093 00:53:48,669 --> 00:53:46,669 refrigerants there are no cryogenic 1094 00:53:50,499 --> 00:53:48,679 there are four Spitzer although the 1095 00:53:54,399 --> 00:53:50,509 mid-infrared instrument is cooled by a 1096 00:53:58,329 --> 00:53:54,409 closed loop refrigerator so the issue is 1097 00:54:02,229 --> 00:53:58,339 not one of losing a crosman and losing 1098 00:54:04,659 --> 00:54:02,239 thermal control our one main consumable 1099 00:54:06,819 --> 00:54:04,669 is our propellant which we need to use 1100 00:54:09,759 --> 00:54:06,829 to manage our momentum and do 1101 00:54:12,219 --> 00:54:09,769 station-keeping if we eat that and 1102 00:54:15,429 --> 00:54:12,229 husband it well we will extend our 1103 00:54:17,259 --> 00:54:15,439 lifetime but the instruments will not be 1104 00:54:21,849 --> 00:54:17,269 the life limiting element on the 1105 00:54:24,059 --> 00:54:21,859 observatory all right and we're going to 1106 00:54:26,919 --> 00:54:24,069 come back to do for this question I know 1107 00:54:30,999 --> 00:54:26,929 jwc is giving us towards a project which 1108 00:54:32,619 --> 00:54:31,009 is isn't just making me introduce what 1109 00:54:37,659 --> 00:54:32,629 could the child has many partners do we 1110 00:54:40,809 --> 00:54:37,669 have a national partners okay sure this 1111 00:54:42,789 --> 00:54:40,819 and any undertaking like this in science 1112 00:54:44,619 --> 00:54:42,799 anymore is usually always international 1113 00:54:48,249 --> 00:54:44,629 and most science missions here at NASA 1114 00:54:50,559 --> 00:54:48,259 are web has partnerships with the 1115 00:54:53,559 --> 00:54:50,569 Canadian Space Agency and the European 1116 00:54:55,659 --> 00:54:53,569 Space Agency as well as what we call the 1117 00:54:57,249 --> 00:54:55,669 European consortium countries that came 1118 00:54:58,709 --> 00:54:57,259 together to provide the mid-infrared 1119 00:55:02,019 --> 00:54:58,719 instrument that you just heard Johnathan 1120 00:55:03,729 --> 00:55:02,029 ehrenberg referred to so all the 1121 00:55:05,919 --> 00:55:03,739 countries that are in ISA and I've lost 1122 00:55:08,289 --> 00:55:05,929 count whether there's 21 countries in 1123 00:55:10,689 --> 00:55:08,299 the European Space Agency right now and 1124 00:55:12,849 --> 00:55:10,699 that the Canadian Space Agency are 1125 00:55:15,189 --> 00:55:12,859 partnered with us so we have partners in 1126 00:55:16,959 --> 00:55:15,199 virtually everybody in Europe and just 1127 00:55:19,689 --> 00:55:16,969 across the border and they are providing 1128 00:55:21,279 --> 00:55:19,699 key expertise not only in the form of 1129 00:55:22,180 --> 00:55:21,289 hardware science instruments that 1130 00:55:23,830 --> 00:55:22,190 they've given us 1131 00:55:26,080 --> 00:55:23,840 but they will be involved at the Space 1132 00:55:28,000 --> 00:55:26,090 Telescope Science Institute afterwards 1133 00:55:31,540 --> 00:55:28,010 with astronomers working there and 1134 00:55:33,250 --> 00:55:31,550 operating those instance thanks Derek 1135 00:55:34,540 --> 00:55:33,260 and we're coming up on the top of the 1136 00:55:35,650 --> 00:55:34,550 hour we're going to have to close down I 1137 00:55:38,290 --> 00:55:35,660 think we've got time for one more 1138 00:55:40,360 --> 00:55:38,300 question and John Mathers I'm going to 1139 00:55:43,360 --> 00:55:40,370 take this to you can you tell us exactly 1140 00:55:46,390 --> 00:55:43,370 when we expect JWST to launch and we're 1141 00:55:49,390 --> 00:55:46,400 launched from we're planning on about 1142 00:55:52,420 --> 00:55:49,400 October 2018 so about five and a half 1143 00:55:55,060 --> 00:55:52,430 years from today and we're watching it 1144 00:55:58,000 --> 00:55:55,070 from kourou which is in French Guiana on 1145 00:56:00,100 --> 00:55:58,010 the equator in South America and that's 1146 00:56:02,620 --> 00:56:00,110 chosen because that's the lunch site for 1147 00:56:05,260 --> 00:56:02,630 thief arion space which is a commercial 1148 00:56:07,510 --> 00:56:05,270 organization in in Europe that builds 1149 00:56:09,040 --> 00:56:07,520 these rockets and the rocket is one of 1150 00:56:11,830 --> 00:56:09,050 the contributions of the European Space 1151 00:56:13,270 --> 00:56:11,840 Agency to this partnership so it's a 1152 00:56:15,640 --> 00:56:13,280 little too soon to buy your plane ticket 1153 00:56:17,980 --> 00:56:15,650 to the watch date but we're pretty sure 1154 00:56:20,140 --> 00:56:17,990 that we can do it there at about that 1155 00:56:22,810 --> 00:56:20,150 time so thanks to a congressional 1156 00:56:25,030 --> 00:56:22,820 approval of the budget we're continuing 1157 00:56:28,780 --> 00:56:25,040 at full tilt two to the schedule that 1158 00:56:31,600 --> 00:56:28,790 we've announced so that's what our plan 1159 00:56:34,180 --> 00:56:31,610 is then six months after its launch then 1160 00:56:38,260 --> 00:56:34,190 we get to good start genuine scientific 1161 00:56:40,270 --> 00:56:38,270 observations sounds good John thank you 1162 00:56:41,950 --> 00:56:40,280 very much and unfortunately that's going 1163 00:56:44,020 --> 00:56:41,960 to have to do it for our time today and 1164 00:56:46,300 --> 00:56:44,030 there's a Google+ Hangout on the James 1165 00:56:48,550 --> 00:56:46,310 Webb Space Telescope I'd like to thank 1166 00:56:49,960 --> 00:56:48,560 our panelists today for their time if 1167 00:56:51,970 --> 00:56:49,970 you'd like more information about the 1168 00:57:05,140 --> 00:56:51,980 Webb telescope you can join us on the 1169 00:57:08,310 --> 00:57:05,150 web at www.nasa.gov or on any of our 1170 00:57:11,280 --> 00:57:08,320 mini social media sites such as flickr 1171 00:57:14,440 --> 00:57:11,290 facebook twitter youtube and of course